Beautiful view of Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford's Gemini VI-A spacecraft, viewed by astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell aboard Gemini VII. Schirra's gutsy decision to sit tight after the 12 December pad abort ensured that this historic rendezvous mission could go ahead. Photo Credit: NASA
"It's death…or the ejection seat!"
For Wally Schirra, command pilot of Gemini VI-A, steely nerves were a mainstay of his career as a naval aviator and as one of America's first astronauts. On the morning of 12 December 1965, aboard the tiny black-and-white spacecraft with his crewmate Tom Stafford, the countdown clock ticked to zero, the twin engines of the giant Titan II booster roared to life…and abruptly shut down. Clasping the D-handle which would have fired both of their ejection seats, Schirra was faced with a life-or-death decision. If he pulled the handle, he might—only might, for the seats themselves were inherently dangerous—save their lives at the risk of eliminating any chance to complete NASA's goal of a manned orbital rendezvous before the end of 1965. On the other hand, if he didn't pull the handle, Schirra and Stafford might survive…or perhaps meet their maker in a holocaust of flame as the Titan's volatile load of propellants exploded. He elected to stick with his craft and he and Stafford lived to fly another day.
"Schirra," wrote fellow astronaut Gene Cernan, "had balls." Indeed he did.
In emotionless tones, Schirra reported that propellant pressures in the Titan were dropping and test conductor Frank Carey responded with "Hold Kill" to denote that a shutdown had indeed occurred. When the smoke had cleared, and after receiving assurances that the ejection seat pyrotechnics had been safed, Pad Leader Guenter Wendt and his team returned to Pad 19 and Gemini VI-A to begin extracting the two disappointed astronauts. "It took 90 minutes to raise the erector and get us out, a lot longer than it should have," wrote Stafford in his memoir We Have Capture. "Although he had kind words for Guenter and the pad crew, Wally was furious." The families of the two men were also understandably anxious and, from then onwards, it would become standard practice to have another astronaut present with them during a launch attempt. The day itself was already a bad one: a Cape Kennedy rescue helicopter had crashed in the nearby Banana River, and Dr. Randy Lovelace—bane of the astronauts' lives during their selection, courtesy of his invasive Lovelace Clinic—and his wife had been killed in a private aircraft crash in Aspen, Colo.
A disappointed but relieved Tom Stafford (left) and Wally Schirra depart Pad 19 after the 12 December pad abort. Their quick thinking and actions that day helped to ensure that they could be quickly recycled to launch a few days later…and saved the rendezvous mission. Photo Credit: NASA
Later that very same afternoon, President Lyndon B. Johnson told NASA Administrator Jim Webb that he had been "greatly disturbed" by the launch abort, although he was assured that enough time still remained to identify the Titan glitch, fix it and then get Gemini VI-A into orbit before the end of Frank Borman and Jim Lovell's Gemini VII mission. That glitch did not take all that long to find: an electrical tail plug had dropped prematurely from the base of the rocket and activated an airborne programmer—a clock in Gemini VI-A's cockpit which should not have started until liftoff. The plug had rattled loose from its housing. Although the plug had been installed properly, tests revealed that some plugs did not fit as snugly as others and that they pulled out much more easily.
Then, as engineers pored over engine trace data, it became clear to Ben Hohmann of the Aerospace Corporation that the Titan's oxidiser pressure and overall thrust had begun to decline before the plug fell out. Subsequent analysis identified a blockage in the gas generator and, eventually, an Aerojet technician found the answer: a thimble-sized dust cover had been left on its fuel inlet port during processing. Months earlier, when the engine was still at Martin's plant in Baltimore, the gas generator had been removed for routine cleaning and when the check valve at its oxidiser inlet was detached, a plastic cover was installed to keep dirt out. As checkout of the engine proceeded, the dust cap was overlooked and forgotten. To be fair, its location would have been almost impossible to find. However, had the initial tail plug dropout not stopped the launch, the gas generator blockage certainly would have. "It was serendipitous that we shut down," said Joe Wambolt, then a Gemini propulsion engineer, in an interview published years later in Quest magazine, "because the other engine was not going to thrust."
In his autobiography, Wally Schirra wrote that, had he known of this 'second' brewing problem at the time, he probably would have chosen to fire the ejection seats.
As well as demonstrating the steely nerves of the Gemini VI-A crew—one of Schirra's first messages had been "We're just sittin' here breathing"—the abort also verified, in the most dramatic manner possible, that the Titan's malfunction detection system worked. Sensing no upward movement, it had correctly and automatically closed the valves to prevent more fuel entering the combustion chambers and had duly shut down the engines. Catastrophe had been averted and Gemini VI-A rose spectacularly into orbit at 8:37 am EST on 15 December. The launch was carefully timed to enable Schirra and Stafford to enter an orbit whose plane closely paralleled that of Borman and Lovell…and enable suitable conditions for a rendezvous on their fourth circuit of Earth.
Glorious view of the Indian Ocean, captured by the astronauts of Gemini VI-A. Photo Credit: NASA
Six hours of work awaited them. At orbital insertion, they were trailing Gemini VII by almost 1,200 miles. An hour and a half after launch, Schirra pulsed the OAMS thrusters to increase the apogee—the highest point of their orbit—to some 180 miles and close the distance to some 600 miles; this was followed at 10:55 am by a 'phase-adjustment' burn, whose purpose was twofold. Firstly, it reduced the distance between them and the target, and secondly, it raised the lower point of Gemini VI-A's orbit (its 'perigee') to about 120 miles. Most importantly, it established the timing for the subsequent chase. Half an hour later, Schirra turned the spacecraft 90 degrees to the 'right'—in a southward direction—and again fired the thrusters to push Gemini VI-A into the same plane as Borman and Lovell. By this point, three hours after launch and entering their third orbit, they had narrowed their distance still further to about 300 miles. At 11:52 am, Capcom Elliot See told them that they should soon be able to establish radar contact with Gemini VII…and shortly thereafter a flickering signal was replaced by a solid lock-on.
Stafford, meanwhile, busied himself with a circular slide rule and heavily-crosshatched plotting chart on his lap, checking the computer's analysis of the radar data and relaying information to Mission Control. Shortly thereafter, they placed their spacecraft in the 'computer'—or automatic—rendezvous mode and Schirra dimmed the interior lights to aid his visibility. At 1:41 pm, he announced his first visual sighting of what he thought was a star: "My gosh, there is a real bright star out there. That must be Sirius."
It wasn't. It was Gemini VII, glinting in the sunlight, just 60 miles away. They lost sight of it briefly when it entered Earth's shadow, but when their eyes adjusted they identified its blue tracking lights. Twelve minutes later, when the target was 40 miles ahead and the geometry was correct, Schirra initiated the terminal phase manoeuvre designed to close the range to about two miles. He then executed a pair of mid-course correction burns and, at 2:27 pm, just a few thousand feet from their target, started pulsing Gemini VI-A's forward thrusters to steadily reduce the closure rate.
Closer and closer they drifted, until Schirra and Stafford were just 120 feet from Borman and Lovell, with no relative motion between them. Back on Earth, flight controllers erupted in applause and waved small American flags, while Chris Kraft, Bob Gilruth, and other senior NASA managers fired up celebratory cigars. Unlike the Soviet Vostok 3 and 4, which had merely drifted past each other at a distance of several miles as a result of being in slightly different orbits in August 1962, Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford had achieved a 'real' rendezvous. "I don't think rendezvous is over until you are stopped," he wrote, "completely stopped, with no relative motion between the two vehicles, at a range of approximately 120 feet. That's rendezvous!"
Backdropped by the grandeur of Earth, Gemini VII drifts serenely in the inky darkness. Photo Credit: NASA
From their vantage point in the 'passive' spacecraft, Borman and Lovell had expressed fascination at the thruster bursts and spurts emerging from Gemini VI-A. At one stage, they were startled to see a tongue-like jet some 30 feet long! The rendezvous cost Schirra barely 38 percent of his fuel and left him plenty in reserve to fly a tour of inspection of, and station-keep with, Gemini VII for the five hours and three orbits. At one stage, Schirra manoeuvred as close as a foot, allowing he and Stafford to hold up a "Beat Army" card in their window to torment Borman, a West Point graduate. In response, Borman held up a "Beat Navy" card. Gemini VI-A moved to the rear of its sister craft, then came nose-to-nose, and so stable were both Geminis that, for a time, neither Schirra or Borman had to touch his controls.
At length, the two spacecraft went their separate ways…but not before Schirra and Stafford took the opportunity for a prank. Borman and Lovell were initially alarmed to hear Stafford report that he saw "an object, looks like a satellite, going from north to south, probably in polar orbit…Looks like he might be going to re-enter soon. Stand by one. You just might let me try to pick up that thing." Then, over the communications circuit, came the sound of the Gemini VI-A astronauts playing "Jingle Bells". The 'object', it seemed, was the familiar, jolly, red-suited, white-bearded old man himself, making his annual 're-entry' to deliver his payload of presents to terrestrial children…
In fact, Mickey Kapp, producer of Bill Dana's 'José Jiménez in Orbit' album, had provided Schirra with a small, four-hole Hohner harmonica just days before launch. Schirra had secured it in one of the pockets of his space suit with dental floss. "I could play eight notes," he wrote, "enough for 'Jingle Bells'. It may not been a virtuoso performance, but it earned me a card in the musicians' union of Orlando." Not to be outdone, Francis Slaughter, of the Cape's Flight Crew Operations Office, had fitted small bells to the boots of Stafford's suit…supposedly as a joke, but little realising they would provide backing rhythm for Schirra's Christmas soiree. Today, the tiny harmonica and Stafford's bells are enshrined in the Smithsonian.
Gemini VI-A splashed down safely on 16 December, followed by Gemini VII a couple of days later. Despite their discomfort, Borman and Lovell had suffered few ill-effects from two weeks in space, and Schirra and Stafford had demonstrated that rendezvous between two piloted vehicles could be practically achieved, early in a mission. Although triumph and tragedy would both characterise NASA's path in space and on the ground over the next two years, the achievement of the two Geminis, just days before Christmas in 1965, had shown that the Moon was drawing ever closer and President Kennedy's goal of bootprints on its dusty surface was steadily turning from a hopeless dream into a reality.
This is part of a series of History articles, which will appear each weekend, barring any major new stories. Next week's article will focus on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 17 to commemorate humanity's last steps on the Moon.
Ben, I would like to join Bob Delaney and Tom Vasiloff in extending sincere appreciation and gratitude to you for your excellent work on these two posts. Your research and writing are always of the highest caliber, as conclusively proven not only by your work with AmericaSpace, but by your extremely well-written "must have" books on the space program. I always learn something new when I read your work Ben, and education is the gift that lasts a lifetime – thank you very much. Thank you Jason and AmericaSpace for providing this unique venue, AmericaSpace is THE BEST!
Ben, have you ever done a biographical work about "Der Pad Fuhrer" Guenter Wendt? He always seems to be present at the most pivotal points of space history (including rescuing Gene Cernan at a speeding stop by a Florida policeman the night before his Apollo 17 launch, a great story!). Thanks again Ben and Jason!
Thank you for your kind comment, Karol. No, I have not written about Guenter Wendt, but agree that he was a true giant of the early space era. According to Cernan in his autobiography, the speeding stop was actually the night before Apollo 10. Thanks again.
Thank you Ben for your reply, and I'm privileged to stand corrected. I use the correction also as proof as to why we value that which is written by Ben Evans for it's painstaking attention to accuracy (don't bother to fact check it, it comes from Ben Evans, end of discussion), why we eagerly await more, and why you have earned the title Ben "the Master" Evans. (Thanks Jason!).
The first and last photos in Part 2 look like the same image except one is upside-down. The captions identify one as Gemin 6A and the other as Gemini 7.